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Crypto and fintech groups were for the first time fined more for lax controls than the entire traditional financial system last year, as global authorities cracked down on illicit money flows in finance’s new frontiers.
去年，隨著全球相關部門打擊金融新領域的非法資金流動，加密貨幣和金融科技集團因管制鬆懈而被罰款的金額首次超過整個傳統金融體系。
Data analysed by the Financial Times showed crypto and digital payments companies paid $5.8bn in fines last year for shortcomings in customer checks and anti-money laundering controls, as well as for failing to uphold sanctions and other financial crime issues.
英國《金融時報》分析的數據顯示，加密貨幣和數字支付公司去年支付了58億美元的罰款，原因是客戶覈查和反洗錢控制方面存在缺陷，以及未能遵守制裁和其他金融犯罪問題。
The $5.8bn total, which included a $4.3bn penalty against crypto exchange Binance billed as a warning shot by US prosecutors, dwarfed the $835mn paid by traditional financial services groups last year, the lowest level in a decade.
58億美元的罰款總額（其中包括對加密貨幣交易所幣安的43億美元罰款，美國檢察官稱這是一次警告）使傳統金融服務集團去年支付的8.35億美元的罰款相形見絀，後者是十年來的最低水準。
Dennis Kelleher, chief executive of Washington-based Better Markets, which advocates for tighter regulation, said the figures were more reflective of bad practice in newer corners of finance than an improvement in traditional banks.
總部位於華盛頓的Better Markets首席執行長丹尼斯•凱萊赫(Dennis Kelleher)表示，這些數據更多地反映了金融新領域的不良做法，而不是傳統銀行的改善。Better Markets主張加強監管。
“The pervasive fraud and criminality in the high-profile crypto arena forced regulators and prosecutors to divert resources,” he said, describing it as an attempt to “stop the egregious conduct and try to deter it from getting even worse”.
「在備受矚目的加密領域，普遍存在的欺詐和犯罪行爲迫使監管機構和檢察官轉移資源，」他說，這是在試圖「阻止惡劣行爲，並試圖阻止其變得更糟」。
The data, compiled by compliance software provider Fenergo, showed that total fines for money laundering and other financial crime violations rose more than 30 per cent to $6.6bn, but remained well below the 2015 peak of $11.3bn.
合規軟體提供商Fenergo彙編的數據顯示，針對洗錢和其它金融犯罪違規行爲的罰款總額上升逾30%，至66億美元，但仍遠低於2015年113億美元的峯值。
Annual tallies were heavily influenced by multibillion-dollar fines, such as last year’s against Binance, BNP Paribas’s $8.9bn fine for sanctions violations in 2015 and Goldman Sachs’s $5bn in 2020 over issues related to Malaysia’s 1MDB sovereign wealth fund.
年度數據受到數十億美元罰款的嚴重影響，例如去年對幣安(Binance)的罰款、2015年法國巴黎銀行(BNP Paribas)因違反制裁而被罰款89億美元，以及2020年高盛(Goldman Sachs)因與馬來西亞1MDB主權財富基金有關的問題被罰款50億美元。
The number of fines against crypto and payments providers increased significantly last year. Crypto firms recorded 11 fines versus an average of less than two a year for the previous five years, while payments firms incurred 27 fines against their average of about five a year from 2018 to 2022. Almost all of the payments groups fined last year were less than 20 years old.
去年，針對加密貨幣和支付提供商的罰款數量大幅增加。加密貨幣公司被罰款11次，而前五年平均每年不到2次；支付公司被罰款27次，而2018年至2022年平均每年約5次。去年被罰款的支付集團幾乎都成立不到20年。
“Most jurisdictions have yet to regulate crypto firms in line with global standards, so we can expect further fines to come in this area,” said David Lewis, a former head of the Financial Action Task Force, the world’s money laundering and terrorist financing watchdog.
全球洗錢和恐怖主義融資監管機構金融行動特別工作組(Financial Action Task Force)前負責人戴維•劉易斯(David Lewis)表示：「大多數司法管轄區尚未按照全球標準對加密公司進行監管，因此我們可以預期，在這一領域還會有進一步的罰款。」
“This lack of oversight and proper regulation is a real concern as the risks of cryptos continue to increase, and criminals seek to exploit loopholes wherever they can,” added Lewis, who is now head of anti-money laundering at advisory firm Kroll.
劉易斯現在是諮詢公司Kroll的反洗錢主管，他補充說：「隨著加密貨幣的風險不斷增加，犯罪分子試圖利用任何可能的漏洞，缺乏監督和適當的監管是一個真正的問題。」
Andrew Barber, a partner at the law firm Pinsent Masons, said fines against crypto and payments groups could be even higher in future years as governments introduced new regulatory regimes.
品誠梅森律師事務所(Pinsent Masons)合夥人安德魯•巴伯(Andrew Barber)表示，隨著各國政府推出新的監管制度，未來幾年針對加密貨幣和支付集團的罰款可能會更高。
“Firms that historically operated without regulatory oversight will need time to adjust,” he added. “We can only expect the focus on these firms’ [anti-money laundering] controls to increase.”
他補充說：「過去在沒有監管監督的情況下運營的公司需要時間來調整。我們只能預計，對這些公司(反洗錢)控制措施的關注會增加。」
Regulators in several jurisdictions have been warning payments firms to improve, with the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority last year chiding the “unacceptable” risks posed by the sector.
多個司法管轄區的監管機構一直在警告支付公司改進，英國金融市場行爲監管局(Financial Conduct Authority)去年指責該行業構成了「不可接受的」風險。
Charles Kerrigan, a crypto specialist and partner at law firm CMS, said fines would likely fall in the coming years because crypto was already much more tightly controlled than it was in its infancy. “It’s got to a point now where law enforcement are openly saying they wish people would use crypto to commit crimes but you’d have to be mad to do that,” he added.
CMS律師事務所合夥人、加密貨幣專家查爾斯•凱瑞根(Charles Kerrigan)表示，未來幾年的罰款額可能會下降，因爲加密貨幣的控制已經比其萌芽時期嚴格得多。他補充說：「現在已經到了執法部門相當於公開表示希望人們使用加密貨幣犯罪的地步，但你瘋了纔會這麼做。」
Kerrigan also said that crypto was not big enough to fuel significant levels of financial crime or to be a significant source of financial crime fines in the longer term. Its global market cap is just $1.8tn, compared with the hundreds of trillions of assets in the traditional financial system.
凱瑞根還表示，從長遠來看，加密貨幣的規模還不足以引發大規模的金融犯罪，也不足以成爲金融犯罪罰款的重要來源。其全球市值僅爲1.8兆美元，而傳統金融體系的資產規模高達數百萬億美元。
“There will be fines because regulators want to make a point [about crypto],” he said.
他說：「會有罰款，因爲監管機構想要表明(關於加密貨幣)的觀點。」
Rory Doyle, head of financial crime policy at Fenergo, said fines against traditional financial institutions could rise again “as suspicious patterns begin to emerge” from dealings with Russian entities.
Fenergo金融犯罪政策主管羅裏•多伊爾(Rory Doyle)表示，隨著與俄羅斯實體的交易「開始出現可疑模式」，對傳統金融機構的罰款可能會再次上升。